Broadcast Fertilizer application is one of agriculture’s oldest fertilizer application methods. The longevity and popularity of the broadcast application technique are a reflection of its simplicity, efficiency, and adaptability. Of course, the tools used to broadcast fertilizers across fields have changed dramatically since ancient civilizations first developed the technique, and more importantly, so have the fertilizers that farmers apply.
Broadcast fertilizer application is:
- Simple, requiring relatively straight-forward equipment compared to some other fertilizer application methods
- Efficient, especially in large fields where large areas can be fertilized quickly
- Adaptable, suitable for large and small-scale application, and for various fertilizer types, including organic manures as well as granular, coated, and powdered fertilizers.
While broadcast application can fertilize small areas of land, it is particularly effective at applying fertilizer to broad-acre field crops and pastures. A modern fertilizer spreader applying a high-quality fertilizer with a consistent granule size and density can accurately spread granules up to 36 meters, providing a constant, even distribution of nutrients across a field.
Versatility of Broadcast Spreaders
Broadcast spreaders come in many diverse forms, including handheld tools, small walk-behind spreaders, aerial drone spreaders, larger tow-behind spreaders, and large tractor-mounted spreaders. At the core of each device lies a granular fertilizer-loaded hopper. As the spreader crosses the land, the hopper releases the fertilizer onto spinning disks that spread the fertilizer across the soil surface or growing crops, ensuring uniform dispersal.
When Should Broadcast Fertilization be Used?
There are two core stages when growers typically use broadcast fertilizer application: pre-plant application and top-dressing. In pre-plant application, the fertilizer is applied before planting seeds or seedlings. Immediate soil incorporation is key to preventing nutrient losses through runoff, leaching, or volatilization. Such incorporation enhances root contact and minimizes surface nutrient loss.
In contrast, top-dressing is the application of fertilizer to the soil surface after the crop is established. With top-dressing, the fertilizer is not incorporated into the soil but instead relies on moisture to carry the nutrients from the fertilizer granules on the soil surface into the root zone.
What are the Benefits of Broadcast Fertilizer Application?
While pre-plant broadcast applications may result in lower fertilizer use efficiency compared to other application methods, expansive areas can be covered swiftly and cost-effectively. Broadcast application is adaptable to various terrains, particularly excelling on irregularly shaped fields, slopes, and obstructed spaces.
However, it’s important to note that in no-till systems, broadcasted nutrients may not be incorporated, potentially leading to nutrient imbalances.
Optimizing Broadcast Fertilizer Application
To leverage the power of broadcast application and mitigate any drawbacks, farmers must account for variables like soil type, crop variety, weather patterns, and nutrient demands. Adjustments to application rates and timing based on these factors will significantly enhance its impact.
As well as determining the correct nutrient mix and application rate, growers must ensure the fertilizer’s granule size and density are compatible with the fertilizer spreader’s specification to help ensure even distribution.
ICL’s fertilizers are created from high-quality ingredients and manufactured to high standards to deliver a consistent granule size and density. Choosing high-quality fertilizers ensures an even distribution of nutrients through the field for the optimum crop response.
Whether you are applying a controlled-release fertilizer such as Agromaster, one of our PLUS polyhalite-based fertilizers, or our superior phosphate or potash fertilizers, you can be confident in our high-quality fertilizers.
Equipped with the appropriate ICL plant nutrition products, you can embrace the flexibility of broadcast application – benefitting from the convenience, adaptability, and efficiency of this approach to nourishing crops across diverse landscapes.
11 Brands found
61 Products found
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/10143509/packshot_AG_Agrocote.png)
Fully coated nitrogen and phosphorus making it ideal as a safe starter fertilizer, particularly in soils with a high tendency of P-fixation.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/23102017/packshot_AG_Agrocote-Max.png)
This fully coated MOP based product significantly reduces K leaching in light soils and especially tropical soils while fulfilling crop’s potassium needs, in one single base application.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/23102017/packshot_AG_Agrocote-Max.png)
This nitrogen-free and fully coated phosphorus product is ideal as a starter fertilizer in crops grown in P-fixing soils that lets you align the nitrogen management according to your plants’ needs and complying to local nitrogen application regulations.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/23102017/packshot_AG_Agrocote-Max.png)
Longevity tailored to short-medium cycles of crops including potatoes and other open field soil grown vegetables in sub-tropical and tropical areas.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/23102017/packshot_AG_Agrocote-Max.png)
Ideal longevity for medium-late cycles of crops such as potatoes and other open field soil grown vegetables in sub-tropical and tropical areas.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/23102017/packshot_AG_Agrocote-Max.png)
Longevity suited to short-medium cycles of crops such as potatoes and other open field soil grown vegetables in Mediterranean areas.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/23102017/packshot_AG_Agrocote-Max.png)
Ideal longevity for medium-late cycles of crops such as potatoes and other open field soil grown vegetables in Mediterranean areas.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/23102017/packshot_AG_Agrocote-Max.png)
Ideal longevity for short-medium cycles of crops such as potatoes, Brassicas and leafy vegetables.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/23102017/packshot_AG_Agrocote-Max.png)
Perfect longevity for medium-late cycles of crops including potatoes for both the processing and fresh markets and other open field soil grown vegetables.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/28060707/Agromaster-2.png)
Agromaster® 11-7-24+CaMgS consists of 61% coated N by ICL’s E-Max Release Technology. A multi-nutrient product featuring a high K analysis enriched with extra Ca, Mg and S, making it ideal for all kinds of crops with a medium-long crop cycle, especially those grown in light soils (for example, onions, carrots, potatoes, tomatoes, peppers and eggplant).
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/28060707/Agromaster-2.png)
This high K analysis combined with high 62% coated nitrogen, by E-Max Release Technology, makes it ideal for all Cl-tolerant crops with medium-long crop cycle, grown especially in light soils, like onion, potato, processing tomato etc.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/28060707/Agromaster-2.png)
Agromaster® 12-6-20+CaMgS consists of 41% coated N by ICL’s E-Max Release Technology. A multi-nutrient product providing a high K analysis enriched with extra Ca, Mg and S, making it perfect for all kinds of crops grown in protected areas or in open field with a medium-long crop cycle (for example, melon, soil-grown soft fruits, gherkins and eggplants).
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/28060707/Agromaster-2.png)
Agromaster 16-8-16+5MgO+16SO3 | 5-6M has a 94% coated N / 82% coated P and K A high value Agromaster formulation enriched with magnesium, making it ideal for longer crop cycles of vegetable crops, while the high coating % of NPK makes it ideal for placement on spots, bed or by row application (for example, tomatoes, peppers and eggplant).
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/28060707/Agromaster-2.png)
22-10-10+4MgO+10SO3 | 5-6M is a 95% coated N / 51% coated P / 100% coated K product, which thanks to this valuable 2-1-1 NPK analysis enriched with a high level of Mg combines a high level of coated nutrients and adequate longevity for long crop cycles in open field or protected areas to create an essential buffer of nutrients leading to uniform growth and higher yields (for crops such as tomatoes, peppers and eggplants).
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/28060707/Agromaster-2.png)
Agromaster 30-7-13 | 4-5M features a 70% coated N composition, so it’s perfect for fertilizing rice fields in a single application, plus its high level of coated nitrogen makes it the ideal solution for rice production and other (sub) tropical crops because it lets you supply all nutrients in one go.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/28060707/Agromaster-2.png)
Agromaster® 40-0-5+S consists of 31% coated N by using E-Max Release Technology. It is designed mainly for top-dressing applications, especially in spring.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 4-6-12+2MgO+24SO3+6.5Fe is the perfect blend for crops needing NPK with an emphasis on the potassium. It also contains high levels of sulfur to help plants process proteins and vitamins.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 6-9-22+2MgO+21SO3 is extra rich in potassium: excellent for bringing your crops to perfect fruition and improving water efficiency. It also packs a big punch of sulfur for enhanced protein and vitamin processing in your plants.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 7-21-7+5CaO+10SO3 is great for growing vegetables, fruits, and extensive arable crops; rich in phosphorous with 5% calcium.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 7-7-28+12SO3 is packed with potassium and contains a good helping of sulfur, for outstanding growth in your vegetables, fruits, and extensive arable crops.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 8-15-15+18SO3 provides a balanced blend, promoting healthy crop development; it contains sulfur and slightly more phosphorous.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 8-24-8+14SO3 is perfect for when you need high levels of phosphorous when growing vegetables, fruits, and extensive arable crops.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 9-18-27+2.5MgO+7SO3 comes with extra potassium, helping your plants use water more effectively and resist drought better. They’ll also get a helping of magnesium to form chlorophyll, plus sulfur for better synthesis.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 18-10-12+2CaO+2MgO+18SO3+0.2B+0.1Zn has it all: a powerful yet balanced blend of NPK, with a high content of sulfur for improved uptake of vitamins and proteins, calcium for stronger cells and roots, magnesium to aid photosynthesis, boron for improved cell wall formation and sugar movement, and zinc for chlorophyll production.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 10-12-20+5SO3 is rich in potassium, ideal for when high levels are required during plant growth. Contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur – all vital nutrients to keep your crops in top condition as they grow.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 10-5-14+4CaO+33SO3 is bursting with sulfur, helping your crops form the proteins they need for healthy growth. Also comes with calcium, imperative during the prime stage of growth.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/29145237/packshot_AG_Combifert_12-12-17.png)
Combifert® 12-12-17+26SO3 contains a good amount of sulfur, essential for development, plus high levels of nitrogen, potassium, and sulfur.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 12-12-17+3CaO+3MgO+15SO3 provides a direct blast of balanced nutrients. Its high sulfur content improves uptake, its calcium strengthens cells and roots, and its magnesium makes for more efficient photosynthesis.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 12-24-8+8SO3 delivers a big dose of phosphorus, a sizeable amount of nitrogen, and a good measure of sulfur. Ideal for growing vegetables, fruits, and extensive arable crops hungry for both nutrients.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 14-7-14+2MgO+21SO3 contains a big boost of sulfur, giving your plants a vital helping hand with chlorophyll development and protein synthesis. It’s also rich in magnesium to improve photosynthesis.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 16-8-5+6CaO+11SO3 is a nitrogen-based formula, with a generous helping of calcium and sulfur for healthy cell formation and resilience in vegetables, fruits, and extensive arable crops.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 18-5-24+2.5MgO+9SO3 is a high NPK blend with a dose of magnesium and sulfur. Your plants will be full of health thanks to improved photosynthesis, chlorophyll development, and protein synthesis.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 18-6-6+6CaO+3.6MgO+25SO3 is a carefully selected blend for the peak growing stage. Extra high in nitrogen, with sulfur for improved nutrient uptake, calcium for stronger cells and roots, and magnesium for improved photosynthesis.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 20-6-6+2CaO+11SO3 is rich in nitrogen, making it your fertilizer of choice for the peak plant growth stage. With an added dash of calcium and sulfur.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 25-6-6+30SO3 is a nitrogen-rich formula containing a massive amount of sulfur, ideal for vegetables, fruits, and extensive arable crops. Perfect for plants’ peak growth stage.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 5-10-15+5CaO+23SO3 contains generous amounts of calcium and sulfur. With less nitrogen than its sister products, so your plants don’t produce too much biomass but not enough root structure.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 7-10-6+6CaO+2MgO+30SO3+1Fe not only boasts a balanced blend of NPK for healthy crop growth, but also invaluable macronutrients. Your plants will benefit from stronger cell walls and roots, better nutrient uptake, chlorophyll function as well as more efficient photosynthesis.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 8-8-11+4CaO+2.2MgO+32SO3+2.3Fe contains 32% sulfur to boost chlorophyll development and protein synthesis. Also contains calcium, magnesium, boron, and iron, so your plants will have improved metabolism and be able to photosynthesize more effectively.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® 9-23-30 is brimming with potassium and phosphorus for exceptional growth in your vegetables, fruits, and extensive arable crops.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® Almond is an almond tree’s best friend, containing generous amounts of sulfur and nitrogen – the vital building blocks for protein. Also formulated with magnesium, the driver behind photosynthesis.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/29150802/packshot_AG_Combifert_Citrus_NEW.png)
Combifert® Citrus is a special formula developed for citrus trees, which can need more iron and magnesium than other crops. It’s also rich in sulfur, which trees need for amino acid synthesis and chlorophyll formation.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® Grape is tailored to growing grapevines, boasting a high potassium content – a major driver of plant growth, yield, and vigor.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/29150541/packshot_AG_Combifert_Olive_NEW.png)
Combifert® Olive is proven to meet all the nutritional needs of olive trees, particularly in tricky stages like bud-break. Its high sulfur content reduced the soil’s pH level, so roots can reach phosphor and microelements more easily.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® Pistacho is packed with complete and balanced nutrition for your pistachio trees. Contains calcium and magnesium, essential nutrients to keep your trees and their fruits healthy as they develop.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/22102826/Combifert-General.png)
Combifert® Pomegranate has been specially developed for pomegranate trees – with a balanced formula containing 20% nitrogen, plus calcium, magnesium, and micro elements.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/01064956/ICL-4653-Fine-Potash-Logo-2.webp)
Fine Potash is a white, high-quality, and extremely pure potassium source suitable for NPK granulation, SOP production, and liquid solutions.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/01064926/ICL-GMOP-RED-4661-new-Logo-copy.webp)
ICL’s Granular Potash is a high-quality, concentrated, low carbon footprint, potassium source suitable for broadcast or banded application. ICL Granular Potash can also be bulk-blended with other fertilizers to create different NPK formulations.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/12121401/product-image_icl-novaphos_486px-wide.jpeg)
ICL Novaphos is a partially acidulated phosphate and wonderful source of phosphorus for acidic soils, with added calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients. With a longer release of phosphorus with residual value partly due to acidulation, you get less leaching and P fixation, making this a more efficient method of fertilizing with phosphorus. And since it serves as an effective calcium source, the product improves cell firmness in your plants’ tissue.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/12122805/product-image_icl-npkplus_486px-wide.jpeg)
NPKpluS® is a premium granulated fertilizer packing six nutrients in one. A single application delivers nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, magnesium, and calcium to your crops. The fully soluble nutrients are released gently over an extended period of time, reducing the risk of leaching and overdosing. Enriched with Polysulphate®, this versatile product is suitable for all kinds of crops and soil types, providing the most complete and efficient fertilization for the most demanding crops. Apply directly or bulk-blend with nitrogen fertilizers – the choice is yours.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/25085036/ICL-Packs_Plus-PKPlus-Side.png)
ICL PKpluS Balanced P and K is for soils low in potassium and phosphorus and delivers a balanced and efficient nutrient supply.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/25085036/ICL-Packs_Plus-PKPlus-Side.png)
ICL PKpluS High K is designed for low-potassium soils and boosts the quality of your crops.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/25085036/ICL-Packs_Plus-PKPlus-Side.png)
ICL PKpluS High P is for soils with low levels of phosphorus and is ideal for plant establishment.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/24070514/ICL-Packs_Plus-Potashplus-Side.png)
ICL PotashpluS™ is a granular fertilizer made with Polysulphate and potassium chloride. It provides crops with vital potassium, sulfur, magnesium, and calcium in a single application. ICL PotashpluS provides 37% potassium oxide, consisting of 30% potassium chloride and 7% as potassium sulfate. The sulfur, magnesium, and calcium in PotashpluS are all in 100% sulfate (SO4) form. With ICL PotashpluS, there is no need to choose between chloride or sulfate forms of potassium fertilizer: 20% of the potassium is in sulfate form, which reduces the chloride input by 50% compared with KCl.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/13094341/product-image_megapoly_486px-wide.jpeg)
Megapoly is a highly effective potash fertilizer, rich in potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. The powerful combination of quick-release and prolonged-release nutrients to meet your crops’ needs.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/01064542/ICL-4707-MGA-copy-2-copy.webp)
Phosphoric Acid (4D) is suitable for DCP production and as a raw material for purification processes. It’s very low in organic matter, sulfate, fluorine, arsenic, and cadmium. Suitable for P feed production (MCP, DCP) and as a raw material for FG Acid.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/01064724/ICL-4665.-GSSP-Logo-2.webp)
GSSP 18 and GSSP 20 are our Granular Single Superphosphates that are highly water-soluble phosphorus fertilizers with the added benefits of sulfur and calcium to enhance your crop growth. They contain 18% and 20% phosphorus respectively. Suitable for crops such as legumes (alfalfa, clover and soybean) and cruciferae (canola and rapeseed) which have high sulfur requirements.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/01064757/ICL-4668-GTSP-Logo-2.webp)
GTSP is a Granular Triple Superphosphate, which is a high source of phosphorus used for direct application and bulk blending. The high water-solubility of P2O5 in Triple Superphosphate makes this fertilizer all the more effective.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/01064542/ICL-4707-MGA-copy-2-copy.webp)
Phosphoric Acid (4D) is suitable for DCP production and as a raw material for purification processes. It’s very low in organic matter, sulfate, fluorine, arsenic, and cadmium. Suitable for P feed production (MCP, DCP) and as a raw material for FG Acid.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/27090335/packshot-Puraloop-BB_packshot.png)
Puraloop-38 is a high-quality phosphorus fertilizer which utilizes recycled materials to deliver double-action phosphorus for improved phosphorus use efficiency.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/13095423/product-image_sofypoly_486px-wide.jpeg)
Maximum effectiveness, versatility, and efficiency – you can have it all with Sofipoly. This crop nutrition solution containing Polysulphate® is also packed with potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and trace amounts of boron. As a natural polyhalite fertilizer, Sofipoly is suitable for a wide range of crops and soil types, so you get the versatility you need within your overall crop nutrition plan. The multi-nutrient synergy combined with the quick and prolonged release enhances crop photosynthesis, which is sure to give you excellent crop yield and quality. The product extends the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables, while also improving their look and taste. Sofipoly is highly stable, so it can be mixed with organic, compound, or other fertilizers. It’s ideal for chloride-sensitive crops with lower salinity than the alternatives, meaning less risk of soil salinization. What’s more, it boosts drought tolerance and disease resistance, reducing the risk of lodging too.
![](https://multisite-assets.icl-growingsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/04155249/ICL-4634-STD-RED-Logo-2.webp)
Standard Potash from ICL is a premium, high-quality, organic, concentrated potassium source suitable for direct application and for fertilizer production.
19 Resources found